When visiting Brazil, go to both Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo
Wednesday, June 11th, 2008
Quoting from De Landa’s “A thousand years of nonlinear history”:
Individual cities (and nation-states) are easier to visualize as encompassing a variety of communities within their borders, and if, as a matter of empirical fact, a city (or nation-state) displays a high degree of homogeneity, it becomes something to be modelled as the result of concrete historical processes. [...] Depending on the mixture of centralized and decentralized decision making behind a city’s birth an growth, we can expect different degrees of uniformity and diversity in its infrastructural layout. To this it must be added that, depending on the role that a city plays in the larger urban context in which it functions, the “cultural materials” that accumulate within it will exhibit different degrees of homogeneity and heterogeneity.
Broadly stated, Rio de Janeiro was a capital city from 1808 to the late 1960s. At one point it actually was the capital of the entire portuguese empire, which at the time encompassed colonies in Africa and Asia; it could be said that Portugal proper was in the 1810s and 1820s a colony of the Empire whose headquarters were in Rio. As the capital of the mid-19th century monarchic Brazil (”the Brazilian empire”), it rivalled Buenos Aires as the cultural capital of South America.
As the capital of an independent continent-sized Brazil, Rio underwent important planned restructuring placed on top of its organic growth (as opposed to a fully planned city like the new capital Brasília). A remarkable intervention is the forced removal, around the later 1900s (the early republican years), of lower-income communities from the downtown, “central” regions of Rio around the bureaucratic, commercial and cultural structures.